Key Outcomes from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization held its annual summit in Tianjin, China, from Aug. 31 to Sept. 1. Established in 2001 to strengthen cooperation among Central Asian states alongside China and Russia, the organization has since expanded to include ten full members — including India and Pakistan — as well as two observer states and 14 “dialogue partners.” The 2025 summit marked a significant moment for China, drawing global attention with the presence of Russian President Vladimir Putin and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Each country’s representative at the summit came with their own objectives, so we asked four experts to

The post Key Outcomes from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit appeared first on War on the Rocks.