How Are Iran’s Proxies Doing Amidst a Weakened Regime?

In Jan. 2025, Farzin Zandi wrote, “How Iran Lost Before It Lost: The Roll Back of its Gray Zone Strategy,” where he argued Iran’s proxy network and gray zone strategy had significantly eroded over time. A year later, amidst pressure from the United States and a weakened regime, we asked Farzin to revisit his argument. Image: MidjourneyIn your 2025 article, “How Iran Lost Before It Lost: The Roll Back of its Gray Zone Strategy,” you argued Iran’s gray zone strategy had significantly eroded. What is the status of Iranian-backed proxies today? If the regime’s ability to support their proxies continues to diminish,

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